Optical deflector including meander-type piezoelectric actuators coupled by crossing bars therebetween

ABSTRACT

In an optical deflector including a mirror, a fixed frame surrounding the mirror, and first and second piezoelectric actuators of a meander-type provided opposite to each other with respect to the mirror, for rocking the mirror around an axis on a plane of the fixed frame, the first piezoelectric actuator includes a plurality of first piezoelectric cantilevers folded at first folded portions and coupled to the fixed frame, and the second piezoelectric actuator includes a plurality of second piezoelectric cantilevers folded at second folded portions and coupled to the fixed frame. The optical deflector further includes at least one first crossing bar coupled between one of the first folded portions and one of the second folded portions symmetrically located with respect to the mirror.

This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Japanese Patent Application No. JP2013-054964 filed on Mar. 18, 2013, which disclosure is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to an optical deflector including meander-type piezoelectric actuators.

2. Description of the Related Art

Generally, in an optical scanner or the like, an optical deflector is constructed by a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) device manufactured by using semiconductor manufacturing processes and micro machine technology.

A first prior art optical deflector as a MEMS device is constructed by a mirror, a fixed frame surrounding the mirror, and a pair of meander-type piezoelectric actuators coupled between the fixed frame and the mirror and serving as cantilevers for rocking the mirror with respect to a rocking axis of the mirror (see: JP2008-040240A).

In the above-described first prior art optical deflector, when the position and direction of the rocking axis of the mirror are deviated from those of an axis such as an X-axis on the plane of the fixed frame while the mirror is being rocked, an irradiated area cannot accurately be scanned with light reflected from the mirror. Therefore, accurate control voltages of saw-tooth waves or the like need to be applied to the meander-type piezoelectric actuators, so that the cantilevers of one of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators are aligned symmetrically with the cantilevers of the other. In more detail, if another axis perpendicular to the X-axis is defined by an Y-axis on the plane of the fixed frame and an axis normal to the plane of the fixed frame is defined by a Z-axis, a tip of one cantilever on the side of one of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators and a tip of its corresponding cantilever on the side of the other meander-type piezoelectric actuator should have the same positions on the Y-axis and the Z-axis and opposite positions on the X-axis with respect to their origin.

However, it is actually difficult to symmetrically align the cantilevers of one of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators with those of the other, due to the manufacturing fluctuations between the pair of meander-type piezoelectric actuators.

Also, since the meander-type piezoelectric actuators are very brittle, the meander-type piezoelectric actuators would easily be displaced by an external impact. Therefore, when unexpected relative displacements occur in the positions of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators with respect to the plane of the fixed frame by such an external impact, the meander-type piezoelectric actuators would interfere with the mirror, and would be twisted or deformed to be broken down.

Next, the natural frequencies of the first prior art optical deflector will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C and FIG. 2.

In FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C, a mirror 101 is surrounded by a fixed frame (not shown), and a pair of meander-type piezoelectric actuators 102 a and 102 b are coupled between the fixed frame and the mirror 101. The piezoelectric actuator 102 a is constructed by serially-coupled piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-1, 102 a-2, 102 a-3 and 102 a-4 in parallel with the Y-axis of the fixed frame, and the piezoelectric actuator 102 b is constructed by serially-coupled piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-1, 102 b-2, 102 b-3 and 102 b-4 in parallel with the Y-axis of the fixed frame.

In FIG. 1A, which shows a normal mode whose natural frequency is f_(n0) as shown in FIG. 2, the Y-axis positions and Z-axis positions of the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-1, 102 a-2, 102 a-3 and 102 a-4 are the same as those of the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-1, 102 b-2, 102 b-3 and 102 b-4, respectively. On the other hand, the X-axis positions of the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-1, 102 a-2, 102 a-3 and 102 a-4 are symmetrical with the X-axis positions of the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-1, 102 b-2, 102 b-3 and 102 b-4, respectively, with respect to the origin O. Thus, the mirror 101 is rocked around the X-axis. Note that the natural frequency f_(n0) is determined by a mechanically-vibrating system of the mirror 101 around the X-axis depending upon the piezoelectric actuators 102 a and 102 b.

In FIG. 1B, which shows a first abnormal mode whose natural frequency is f_(n1) (>f_(n0)) as shown in FIG. 2, the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fa₃₄ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-3 and 102 a-4 is opposite to the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fb₃₄ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-3 and 102 b-4 with respect to the origin O. Note that the folded portion Fa₃₄ and Fb₃₄ are the closest ones to the mirror 101.

In FIG. 1C, which shows a second abnormal mode whose natural frequency is f_(n2) (>f_(n1)) as shown in FIG. 2, the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fa₂₃ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-2 and 102 a-3 is opposite to the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fb₂₃ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-2 and 102 b-3 with respect to the origin O. Note that the folded portions Fa₂₃ and Fb₂₃ are the second closest ones to the mirror 101.

Similarly, in a third abnormal mode whose natural frequency is f_(n3) (>f_(n2)) as shown in FIG. 2, the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fa₁₂ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 a-1 and 102 a-2 is opposite to the Z-axis position at a folded portion Fb₁₂ between the piezoelectric cantilevers 102 b-1 and 102 b-2 with respect to the origin O. Note that the folded portions Fa₁₂ and Fb₁₂ are the third closest ones to the mirror 101.

Additionally, when the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fa₃₄ is opposite to the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fb₃₄ with respect to the origin O, when the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fa₂₃ is opposite to the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fb₂₃ with respect to the origin O, or when the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fa₁₂ is opposite to the Y-axis position at the folded portion Fb₁₂ with respect to the origin O, other natural frequencies which are not shown in FIG. 2 may be determined.

In FIG. 2, f_(n0)/2 is a half natural frequency of the natural frequency f_(n0).

Thus, when saw-tooth wave control voltages having a frequency close to the natural frequency f_(n0) of the normal mode are applied to the piezoelectric actuators 102 a and 102 b, the saw-tooth wave control voltages would resonate with the natural frequency f_(n0) in the normal mode to enhance the deflection angle of the mirror 101. In this case, however, higher harmonic components of the saw-tooth wave control voltages would also resonate with the natural frequencies f_(n1), f_(n2), f_(n3), . . . , in the abnormal modes so that such natural frequencies f_(n1), f_(n2), f_(n3), . . . , would appear in the deflection angle of the mirror 101 as spurious noises.

In order to suppress the deformation of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators by an external impact and move away from the components of the natural frequencies f_(n1), f_(n2), f_(n3), . . . in the abnormal modes, a second prior art optical deflector as a MEMS device additionally includes damper elements thinly coated on the rear surfaces of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators. The damper elements are made of gel material with high viscosity. The gel material can be a heating or ultraviolet curable gel material which is cured by heating or ultraviolet irradiation (see: US2012/0120470A1 & JP2012-123364A).

In the above-described second prior art optical deflector, however, since a process for coating gel material thinly on the meander-type piezoelectric actuators and a process for curing the gel material are required, the manufacturing cost would be increased. Also, since the viscosity of gel material of one of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators would be different from that of the other, due to the manufacturing fluctuations, the cantilevers of one of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators would be asymmetrical to those of the other of the meander-type piezoelectric actuators, which would invite the interference of the piezoelectric actuators with the mirror and would twist or deform the meander-type piezoelectric actuators to be broken down. Further, since the damper elements cannot completely avoid the asymmetrical Z-axis motions of the folded portions, the components of the natural frequencies in the abnormal modes near the natural frequency in the normal mode cannot completely be moved away.

SUMMARY

The presently disclosed subject matter seeks to solve the above-described problems.

According to the presently disclosed subject matter, in an optical deflector including a mirror, a fixed frame surrounding the mirror, and first and second piezoelectric actuators of a meander-type provided opposite to each other with respect to the mirror, for rocking the mirror around an axis on a plane of the fixed frame, the first piezoelectric actuator includes a plurality of first piezoelectric cantilevers folded at first folded portions and coupled to the fixed frame, and the second piezoelectric actuator includes a plurality of second piezoelectric cantilevers folded at second folded portions and coupled to the fixed frame. The optical deflector further includes at least one first crossing bar coupled between one of the first folded portions and one of the second folded portions symmetrically located with respect to the mirror.

According to the presently disclosed subject matter, since no additional process is required for forming the crossing bar, the manufacturing cost would not be increased.

Also, since the natural frequencies in the abnormal modes near the natural frequency in the normal mode are moved away by the crossing bar, the resonance at the natural frequency in the normal mode can be enhanced.

Further, since the crossing bar keeps the spacing between the first and second piezoelectric cantilevers, the meander-type piezoelectric actuators would not interfere with the mirror, and would not be twisted or deformed to be broken down.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other advantages and features of the presently disclosed subject matter will be more apparent from the following description of certain embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, as compared with the prior art wherein:

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are perspective views for explaining operation modes of a first prior art optical deflector;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the natural frequency characteristics of the operation modes of FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating a first embodiment of the optical deflector according to the presently disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 4 is a plan view of the optical deflector of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views taken along the line VA-VA and VB-VB, respectively, in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the natural frequency characteristics of the operation modes of the optical deflector of FIGS. 3 and 4;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective views for explaining a example of the operation of the piezoelectric cantilevers of FIGS. 3 and 4;

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C are timing diagrams for illustrating examples of the drive voltages and the deflection angle of the optical deflector of FIGS. 3 and 4;

FIG. 9 is a frequency spectrum diagram of the drive voltages of the operation modes of the optical deflector of FIGS. 3 and 4;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the amplitude of the deflection angle of the optical deflector of FIGS. 3 and 4;

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a second embodiment of the optical deflector according to the presently disclosed subject matter;

FIG. 12 is a plan view of the optical deflector of FIG. 11;

FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C are timing diagrams for illustrating examples of the drive voltages and the deflection angle of the optical deflector of FIGS. 11 and 12; and

FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an image display apparatus to which the two-dimensional optical deflector of FIGS. 11 and 12 is applied.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

In FIGS. 3 and 4, which illustrate a first embodiment of the optical deflector according to the presently disclosed subject matter, reference numeral 10 designates a one-dimensional optical deflector, and 20 designates a driver for driving the optical deflector 10.

The optical deflector 10 is constructed by a rectangular mirror 1 for reflecting an incident light, a fixed frame 2 surrounding the mirror 1 for supporting the mirror 1, and a pair of meander-type piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b coupled between the fixed frame 2 and the mirror 1 and serving as cantilevers for rocking the mirror 1 around an X-axis of the plane of the fixed frame 2 centered at the center of the mirror 1. The mirror 1 can be circular. The piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b are arranged opposite to each other with respect to the mirror 1.

Note that a Y-axis perpendicular to the X-axis is defined on the plane of the fixed frame 2, and a normal axis to the plane of the fixed frame 2 is defined by a Z-axis centered at the center of the mirror 1.

The fixed frame 2 is rectangularly-framed to surround the mirror 1 associated with the piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b.

The piezoelectric actuator 3 a is constructed by piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 which are serially-coupled from the fixed frame 2 to the mirror 1 via folded portions Fa₁₂, Fa₂₃ and Fa₃₄. The folded portions Fa₁₂ and Fa₃₄ are located on the positive side of the Y-axis, while the folded portion Fa₂₃ is located on the negative side of the Y-axis. Also, each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 are in parallel with the Y-axis. Therefore, the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 are folded at every cantilever or meandering from the fixed frame 2 to the mirror 1, so that the amplitudes of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 can be changed along directions perpendicular to the X-axis.

Similarly, the piezoelectric actuator 3 b is constructed by piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 which are serially-coupled from the fixed frame 2 to the mirror 1 via folded portions Fb₁₂, Fb₂₃ and Fb₃₄. The folded portions Fb₁₂ and Fb₃₄ are located on the positive side of the Y-axis, while the folded portion Fb₂₃ is located on the negative side of the Y-axis. Also, each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 are in parallel with the Y-axis. Therefore, the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 are folded at every cantilever or meandering from the fixed frame 2 to the mirror 1, so that the amplitudes of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 can be changed along directions perpendicular to the X-axis.

Note that the number of piezoelectric cantilevers in each of the piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b can be other values such as 2, 6, 8, . . . .

Provided on the fixed frame 2 are pads P_(Ra), P_(X1a), P_(X2a), P_(Rb), P_(X1b) and P_(X2b). The pads P_(X1a), P_(X2b), P_(X1b) and P_(X2b) are connected to the driver 20 which applies a drive voltage V_(X1) to the pads P_(X1a) and P_(X1b), and applies a drive voltage V_(X2) to the pads P_(X2a) and P_(X2b). In this case, the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) are opposite in phase to each other.

The pad P_(Ra) for receiving a reference voltage V_(R) is connected via via-structures (not shown) to the lower electrode layers 505 (see: FIG. 5A) of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 a. In this case, the pad P_(Ra) is grounded, i.e., the reference voltage V_(R) is 0V.

The pad P_(X1a) is connected via a wiring layer 509 (see: FIG. 5A) to the upper electrode layers 507 (see: FIG. 5A) of the odd-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1 and 3 a-3 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 a.

The pad P_(X2a) is connected via a wiring layer 509 (see: FIG. 5A) to the upper electrode layers 507 (see: FIG. 5A) of the even-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-2 and 3 a-4 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 a.

The pad P_(Rb) for receiving the reference voltage V_(R) is connected via via-structures (not shown) to the lower electrode layers 505 (see: FIG. 5A) of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 b. In this case, since the reference voltage V_(R) is 0V, the pad P_(Rb) is grounded.

The pad P_(X1b) is connected via a wiring layer 509 (see: FIG. 5A) to the upper electrode layers 507 (see: FIG. 5A) of the odd-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1 and 3 b-3 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 b.

The pad P_(X2b) is connected via a wiring layer 509 (see: FIG. 5A) to the upper electrode layers 507 (see: FIG. 5A) of the even-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-2 and 3 b-4 of the outer piezoelectric actuator 3 b.

A crossing bar 4 is provided along the X-axis on the positive side of the Y-axis to couple the folded portion Fa₃₄ to the folded portion Fb₃₄, so as to prevent the Z-axis motion of the folded portion Fa₃₄ from being opposite to the Z-axis motion of the folded portion Fb₃₄. In this case, the X-axis positions of the folded portions Fa₃₄ and Fb₃₄ are fixed by the crossing bar 4.

Similarly, a crossing bar 5 is provided along the X-axis on the negative side of the Y-axis to couple the folded portion Fa₂₃ to the folded portion Fb₂₃, so as to prevent the Z-axis motion of the folded portion Fa₂₃ from being opposite to the Z-axis motion of the folded portion Fb₂₃. In this case, the X-axis positions of the folded portions Fa₂₃ and Fb₂₃ are fixed by the crossing bar 5.

Also, a circular reinforcing rib 6 (shown not in FIGS. 3 and 4, but in FIGS. 5A and 5B) is provided on the rear surface of the mirror 1 to avoid the warping of the mirror 1.

The driver 20 is constructed by a control circuit such as a microcomputer including a central processing unit (CPU), a read-only memory (ROM) or a nonvolatile memory, a random access memory (RAM), an input/output (I/O) interface and the like.

In FIG. 3, light L1 emitted from a light source 30 is reflected by the mirror 1, and then, light L2 reflected from the mirror 1 is deflected by the optical deflector 10. Thus, an irradiation area of a screen (not shown) is scanned with the deflected reflected light L2. This will be explained in more detail with reference to FIG. 14.

The structure of each element of the optical deflector 10 is explained next with reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B which are cross-sectional views taken along the VA-VA line and the VB-VB line, respectively, in FIG. 4.

In FIGS. 5A and 5B, a monocrystalline silicon support layer (“Handle” layer) 501, an intermediate silicon dioxide layer (“Box” layer) 502 and a monocrystalline silicon active layer (“Device” layer) 503 are formed by a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Also, reference numeral 504 designates silicon dioxide layer, 505 designates a Ti/Pt lower electrode layer made of Ti or TiO_(X) (0<x≦2) and Pt, 506 designates a lead titanate zirconate (PZT) layer, 507 designates a Pt upper electrode layer made of Pt, 508 designates an insulating interlayer made of silicon dioxide or the like, 509 designates a wiring layer made of Pt, Au, Al or aluminum alloy, 510 designates a pad metal layer made of AlCu or the like, and 511 designates a Ti/Ag reflective metal layer made of Ti and Ag.

The mirror 1 is constructed by the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503 serving as a vibration plate and the reflective metal layer 511 serving as a reflector. Note that, after the pad metal layer 510 is patterned, the reflective metal layer 511 is formed by forming a resist pattern of the reflective metal layer 511 using a photolithography process, depositing Ti and Ag on the resist pattern by a sputtering process, and carrying out a lift-off process to remove the resist pattern.

The fixed frame 2 is constructed by the “Handle” layer 501, the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503 and the insulating interlayer 508.

Each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1 to 3 a-4 and 3 b-1 to 3 b-4 is constructed by the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503, the silicon dioxide layer 504, the lower electrode layer 505, the PZT layer 506 and the upper electrode layer 507.

The pads P_(Ra), P_(X1a), P_(X2a), P_(Rb), P_(X1b) and P_(X2b) are constructed by the pad metal layer 510.

The crossing bars 4 and 5 are constructed by the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503 and the insulating interlayer 508.

Since no additional process is required for forming the crossing bars 4 and 5, the manufacturing cost would not be increased.

The reinforcing rib 6 is constructed by performing a photolithography/etching process upon the “Handle” layer 501.

In FIG. 6, which shows the natural frequency characteristics of the optical deflector 10 of FIGS. 3 and 4, the natural frequency f_(n1) of FIG. 2 caused by the Z-axis motions of the folded portions Fa₃₄ and Fb₃₄ opposite in phase to each other is moved away by the crossing bar 4, and the natural frequency f_(n2) of FIG. 2 caused by the Z-axis motions of the folded portions Fa₂₃ and Fb₂₃ opposite in phase to each other is moved away by the crossing bar 5.

The meander-type piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b are described below.

In the piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b, the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3, 3 a-4, 3 b-1, 3 b-2, 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 are divided into an odd-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1 and 3 a-3; 3 b-1 and 3 b-3, and an even-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-2 and 3 a-4; 3 b-2 and 3 b-4 alternating with the odd-numbered group of the inner piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1 and 3 a-3; 3 b-1 and 3 b-3.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective views for explaining the operation of the piezoelectric cantilevers of one piezoelectric actuator such as 3 a of FIGS. 3 and 4. Note that FIG. 7A illustrates a non-operation state of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 a, and FIG. 7B illustrates an operation state of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 of the piezoelectric actuator 3 a.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7B which illustrates only the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2, 3 a-3 and 3 a-4, when the odd-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-3, 3 b-1 and 3 b-3 are flexed in one direction, for example, in an upward direction, the even-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-2, 3 a-4, 3 b-2 and 3 b-4 are flexed in the other direction, i.e., in a downward direction. On the other hand, when the odd-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-3, 3 b-1 and 3 b-3 are flexed in the downward direction, the even-numbered group of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-2, 3 a-4, 3 b-2 and 3 b-4 are flexed in the upward direction.

Thus, the mirror 1 is rocked around the X-axis.

An optical deflection by rocking the mirror 1 around the X-axis is explained in detail with reference to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C.

For example, assume that the drive voltage V_(X1) is saw-tooth-shaped as illustrated in FIG. 8A and the drive voltage V_(X2) is saw-tooth-shaped as illustrated in FIG. 8B. That is, the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) are opposite in phase to each other. In this case, the frequency characteristics of the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) whose basic frequency f₀ is 60 Hz are illustrated in FIG. 9.

Therefore, if the basic frequency f₀ of the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) is close to the natural frequency f_(n0), the frequency f₀ would resonate with the natural frequency f_(n0) to enhance the deflection angle A_(X) of the mirror 1 around the X-axis. In addition, even if harmonic frequency components such as f₁ (=120 Hz) and f₂ (=180 Hz) of the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) are close to the natural frequencies f_(n1) and f_(n2) of FIG. 2, since the natural frequencies f_(n1) and f_(n2) are moved away by the crossing bars 4 and 5, the frequencies f_(n1) and f_(n2) would not appear in the deflection angle A_(X) of the mirror 1 as illustrated in FIG. 8C.

According to the above-described first embodiment, since the crossing bars 4 and 5 are provided, the high harmonic components of the drive voltages V_(X1) and V_(X2) can be compensated for.

In the above-described first embodiment, another crossing bar can be provided along the X-axis on the positive side of the Y-axis to couple the folded portion Fa₁₂ to the folded portion Fb₁₂. This crossing bar is in parallel with the crossing bar 4.

Also, in the above-described first embodiment, the two crossing bars 4 and 5 are provided; however, only one crossing bar can be provided. In this case, the symmetrical displacements of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-3 and 3 a-4 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-3 and 3 b-4 caused by the crossing bar 4 are larger than those of the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-2 and 3 a-3 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-2 and 3 b-3 caused by the crossing bar 5. Therefore, the crossing bar 4 is preferably provided as compared with the crossing bar 5.

In FIG. 10, which shows the amplitude of the deflection angle A_(X) of the optical deflector of FIGS. 3 and 4, the amplitude of the deflection angle A_(X) is approximately the same as that of the first prior art optical deflector as illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C without the crossing bars 4 and 5. In more detail, the amplitude of the deflection angle A_(X) is a little smaller than that of the first prior art optical deflector due to the increased mass of the movable part by the crossing bars 4 and 5; however, this would create no problem.

Also, since the crossing bars 4 and 5 keep the spacing between the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1, 3 a-2 and 3 a-3 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 b-1, 3 b-2 and 3 b-3, the meander-type piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b would not be displaced by an external impact, particularly, an impact along the Y-axis. As a result, the meander-type piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b would not interfere with the mirror 1, and would not be twisted or deformed to be broken down.

In FIGS. 11 and 12, which illustrate a second embodiment of the optical deflector according to the presently disclosed subject matter, reference numeral 10′ designates a two-dimensional optical deflector, and 20′ designates a driver for driving the optical deflector 10′.

The optical deflector 10′ is constructed by a movable frame 7 surrounding the mirror 1 for supporting the mirror 1, and a pair of inner meander-type piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b coupled between the movable frame 7 and the mirror 1 and serving as cantilevers for rocking the mirror 1 around an Y-axis of the plane of the fixed frame 2 centered at the center of the mirror 1, in addition to the elements of the optical deflector 10 of FIGS. 3 and 4. The inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b are arranged opposite to each other with respect to the mirror 1.

The inner piezoelectric actuator 8 a is constructed by piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-2, 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 which are serially-coupled from the movable frame 7 to the mirror 1 via folded portions. Also, each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-2, 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 are in parallel with the X-axis. Therefore, the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-2, 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 are folded at every cantilever or meandering from the movable frame 7 to the mirror 1, so that the amplitudes of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-2, 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 can be changed along directions perpendicular to the Y-axis.

Similarly, the inner piezoelectric actuator 8 b is constructed by piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1, 8 b-2, 8 b-3 and 8 b-4 which are serially-coupled from the movable frame 7 to the mirror 1 via folded portions. Also, each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1, 8 b-2, 8 b-3 and 8 b-4 are in parallel with the X-axis. Therefore, the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1, 8 b-2, 8 b-3 and 8 b-4 are folded at every cantilever or meandering from the movable frame 7 to the mirror 1, so that the amplitudes of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1, 8 b-2, 8 b-3 and 8 b-4 can be changed along directions perpendicular to the Y-axis.

Note that the number of piezoelectric cantilevers in each of the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b can be other values such as 2, 6, 8, . . . .

Also, provided on the fixed frame 2 are pads P_(Y1a) and P_(Y2b). The pads P_(Y1a) and P_(Y2b) are connected to the driver 20′ which applies a drive voltage V_(Y1) to the pad P_(Y1a), and applies a drive voltage V_(Y2) to the pad P_(Y2b). In this case, the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) are opposite in phase to each other.

The pad P_(Y1a) is connected via a wiring layer to the upper electrode layers of the odd-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-3, 8 b-1 and 8 b-3 of the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b.

The pad P_(Y2b) is connected via a wiring layer to the upper electrode layers of the even-numbered piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-2, 8 a-4, 8 b-2 and 8 b-4 of the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b.

A crossing bar 9 is provided along the Y-axis on the positive side of the Y-axis to couple a folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 to a folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-3 and 8 b-4, so as to prevent the Z-axis motion of one of the folded portions from being opposite to the Z-axis motion of the other of the folded portions. In this case, the Y-axis positions of these folded portions are fixed by the crossing bar 9.

Similarly, a crossing bar 10 is provided along the Y-axis on the negative side of the X-axis to couple a folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-2 and 8 a-3 to a folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-2 and 8 b-3, so as to prevent the Z-axis motion of one of the folded portion from being opposite to the Z-axis motion of the other of the folded portions. In this case, the Y-axis positions of the folded portions are fixed by the crossing bar 10.

The movable frame 7 is constructed by the “Handle” layer 501, the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503 and the insulating interlayer 508 of FIGS. 5A and 5B, in the same way as the fixed frame 2.

Each of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1 to 8 a-4 and 8 b-1 to 8 b-4 is constructed by the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503, the silicon dioxide layer 504, the lower electrode layer 505, the PZT layer 506 and the upper electrode layer 507 of FIGS. 5A and 5B, in the same way as the piezoelectric cantilevers 3 a-1 to 3 a-4 and 3 b-1 to 3 b-4. The pads P_(Y1a) and P_(Y2b) are constructed by the pad metal layer 510, in the same way as the pads P_(Ra), P_(X1a), P_(X2a), P_(Rb), P_(X1b) and P_(X2b).

The crossing bars 9 and 10 are constructed by the “Box” layer 502, the “Device” layer 503 and the insulating interlayer 508 of FIG. 5B, in the same way as the crossing bars 4 and 5.

Since no additional process is required for forming the crossing bars 9 and 10, the manufacturing cost would not be increased.

In the same way as the piezoelectric actuators 3 a and 3 b of FIGS. 3 and 4, the mirror 1 is rocked around the Y-axis by the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b.

An optical deflection by rocking the mirror 1 around the Y-axis is explained in detail with reference to FIGS. 13A, 13B and 13C.

For example, assume that the drive voltage V_(Y1) is saw-tooth-shaped as illustrated in FIG. 13A and the drive voltage V_(Y2) is saw-tooth-shaped as illustrated in FIG. 13B. That is, the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) are opposite in phase to each other. In this case, the basic frequency f₀′ of the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) is 15 kHz.

Therefore, if the basic frequency f₀′ of the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) is close to a natural frequency f_(n0)′ in the normal mode, the frequency f₀′ would resonate with the natural frequency f_(n0)′ to enhance the deflection angle A_(Y) of the mirror 1 around the Y-axis. In addition, even if harmonic frequency components of the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) are close to other natural frequencies which are moved away by the crossing bars 9 and 10, such other natural frequencies would not appear in the deflection angle A_(Y) of the mirror 1 as illustrated in FIG. 13C.

Note that the natural frequency f_(n0)′ is a mechanically-vibrating system of the mirror 1 around the Y-axis depending upon the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b.

According to the above-described second embodiment, since the crossing bars 9 and 10 are provided, the high harmonic components of the drive voltages V_(Y1) and V_(Y2) can be compensated for.

In the above-described second embodiment, another crossing bar can be provided along the Y-axis on the positive side of the X-axis to couple the folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1 and 8 a-2 to the folded portion between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1 and 8 b-2. This crossing bar is in parallel with the crossing bar 9.

Also, in the above-described second embodiment, the two crossing bars 9 and 10 are provided; however, only one crossing bar can be provided. In this case, the symmetrical displacements of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-3 and 8 a-4 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-3 and 8 b-4 caused by the crossing bar 9 are larger than those of the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-2 and 8 a-3 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-2 and 8 b-3 caused by the crossing bar 10. Therefore, the crossing bar 9 is preferably provided as compared with the crossing bar 10.

Also, the amplitude of the deflection angle A_(Y) becomes a little smaller due to the increased mass of the movable part by the crossing bars 9 and 10; however, this would create no problem.

Further, since the crossing bars 9 and 10 keep the spacing between the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 a-1, 8 a-2 and 8 a-3 and the piezoelectric cantilevers 8 b-1, 8 b-2 and 8 b-3, the meander-type inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b would not be displaced by an external impact, particularly, an impact along the X-axis. As a result, the meander-type inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b would not interfere with the mirror 1, and would not be twisted or deformed to be broken down.

In the above-described second embodiments, the inner piezoelectric actuators 8 a and 8 b of a meander-type can be replaced by piezoelectric actuators of a torsion bar type for rocking the mirror through torsion bars.

In FIG. 14, the two-dimensional optical deflector of FIGS. 11 and 12 is applied to an image display apparatus. This image display apparatus is constructed by the two-dimensional optical deflector 10′ and the driver 20′ of FIGS. 11 and 12, a laser source 30, a half mirror (beam splitter) 40 and a screen 50. In this case, the laser source 30, the half mirror 40 and the screen 50 are fixed at predetermined locations. Light L1 outputted from the laser source 30 is modulated to pass through condensing lenses (not shown) and then, through the half mirror 40 to reach the mirror of the optical deflector 10′. Then, light L2 reflected by the mirror of the optical deflector 10′ is deflected by the deflection angle of the mirror thereof and is split at the half mirror 40 to project on the screen 50. The screen 50 is raster-scanned with the light L2 deflected by the optical deflector 10′ in a horizontal direction H and in a vertical direction V as indicated within the screen 50.

In the above-described first and second embodiments, the basic frequencies of the drive voltages are close to the natural frequencies of the mirror 1 in the normal modes; however, when a vector scanning operation is carried out, it is unnecessary to rock the mirror 1 at such natural frequencies.

The optical deflector according to the presently disclosed subject matter can be applied to a light scanner such as an electronic photo type printer and a laser printer, a laser head amplifier, a sensing light scanner such as a laser radar, a bar code reader, a headup display apparatus, an area sensor or a touch panel, in addition to the image display apparatus of FIG. 14.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the presently disclosed subject matter without departing from the spirit or scope of the presently disclosed subject matter. Thus, it is intended that the presently disclosed subject matter covers the modifications and variations of the presently disclosed subject matter provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. All related or prior art references described above and in the Background section of the present specification are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference. 

1. An optical deflector comprising: a mirror; a fixed frame surrounding said mirror; and first and second piezoelectric actuators of a meander-type provided opposite to each other with respect to said mirror, for rocking said mirror around a first axis on a plane of said fixed frame, said first piezoelectric actuator including a plurality of first piezoelectric cantilevers folded at first folded portions and coupled to said fixed frame, said second piezoelectric actuator including a plurality of second piezoelectric cantilevers folded at second folded portions and coupled to said fixed frame, said optical deflector further comprising a first crossing bar coupled between one of said first folded portions and one of said second folded portions symmetrically located with respect to said mirror.
 2. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a second crossing bar coupled between another of said first folded portions and another of said second folded portions symmetrically located with respect to said mirror.
 3. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 1, wherein the one of said first folded portions and the one of said second folded portions are closest ones to said mirror.
 4. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 2, wherein the one of said first folded portions and the one of said second folded portions are closest one to said mirror, and the other of said first folded portions and the other of said second folded portions are second closest ones to said mirror, said first and second crossing bars being located oppositely to each other with respect to a second axis perpendicular to said first axis on the plane of said fixed frame.
 5. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 1, further comprising: a movable frame, provided between said first and second actuators and said mirror; and third and second piezoelectric actuators provided opposite to each other with respect to said mirror, for rocking said mirror around a second axis on the plane of said fixed frame, said second axis being perpendicular to said first axis.
 6. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 5, wherein said third piezoelectric actuator is of a meander-type which includes a plurality of third piezoelectric cantilevers folded at third folded portions and coupled from said movable frame to said mirror, wherein said fourth piezoelectric actuator is of a meander-type which includes a plurality of fourth piezoelectric cantilevers folded at fourth folded portions and coupled from said movable frame to said mirror, said optical deflector further comprising a third crossing bar coupled between one of said third folded portions and one of said fourth folded portions symmetrically located with respect to said mirror.
 7. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 6, further comprising a fourth crossing bar coupled between another of said third folded portions and another of said fourth folded portions symmetrically located with respect to said mirror.
 8. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 6, wherein the one of said third folded portions and the one of said fourth folded portions are closest ones to said mirror.
 9. The optical deflector as set forth in claim 7, wherein the one of said third folded portions and the one of said fourth folded portions are closest one to said mirror, and the other of said third folded portions and the other of said fourth folded portions are second closest ones to said mirror, said third and fourth crossing bars being located oppositely to each other with respect to a second axis perpendicular to said first axis on the plane of said fixed frame. 